ASSALLAMUALAIKUM.
Khususnya kepada semua Muslimin dan Muslimat, sahabat-sahabat; para blogers negeri dan negara, Akikalawon mengucapkan Selamat menyambut hari pertama bulan Ramadhan yang akan bermula pada hari esok. Semoga dengan berkat Puasa Muslimin dan Muslimat diseluruh dunia, akan diridhai ALLAH serta diberi kekuatan fizikal dan mental dalam masa sebulan. Insya Allah. Amin...!
Wassallam.
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René Quinton - A short Biography
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Struggling to hold up a bank
When narrow national interests obstruct a noble cause
Alamy
Rods that glow in the darkPAVED it may be with good intentions, but there are many twists and pot-holes along the road to a nuclear-free world. So many, in fact, that the path, tantalisingly opened up by Barack Obama, may yet turn out to lead nowhere.
But to keep things minimally on track, governments that care about the spread of the bomb will make a big effort to shore up the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) at next year’s five-yearly review. The Obama administration, unlike its predecessor, talks of ratifying the test-ban treaty. America and Russia are busy cutting warheads. Nuclear officials from America, Russia, Britain, France and China will meet in London next month to explore ways to build confidence for future disarmament.
Yet all will be in vain unless better ways can be found to deal with a practical problem as old as the nuclear age: how to stop nuclear technologies that can be used legitimately for making electricity from being abused for bomb-making. Efforts to tackle it are in a muddle.
Sheer numbers are one problem. Governments from Asia and the Middle East to Africa and Latin America are queuing up to get into the nuclear business, though the financial crisis will probably stop some of them. Of those that press ahead, the worry is that not all will be looking merely for alternative ways to keep the lights on.
The failure to stop countries like North Korea and Iran from bending and breaking the nuclear rules has not helped. Although they had lived with Israel’s bomb for years, Arab governments’ interest in nuclear power seemed to go critical suspiciously quickly as concerns mounted about Iran’s nuclear ambitions. Meanwhile North Korea, it was discovered, had secretly been helping Syria to build a nuclear reactor ideally suited for weapons purposes, until it was bombed by Israel two years ago.
North Korea never tried hard to disguise its plans, and now doesn’t bother: it claims to have tested two bombs in the past three years and to be building more. But Iran personifies a more insidious problem: that of separating civilian from military nuclear technology—and intentions.
Iran says its nuclear work is peaceful, and notes that the NPT promises access to civilian nuclear power for all who honour it (theoretically all countries save India, Israel and Pakistan which never signed, and North Korea which cheated and left). That includes sensitive nuclear technologies, says Iran, though the NPT doesn’t specify.
It has the dubious honour of being the only country to have built a uranium-enrichment plant and to be developing plutonium-reprocessing technology without having a single working nuclear-power reactor that could use either. That set off alarms, because a country that has mastered making low-enriched uranium for reactor fuel just has to spin its machines in different formation to produce the high-enriched stuff for a bomb; plutonium can be extracted from nuclear wastes and expensively reused in special sorts of fuel, but it can also be fashioned into the fissile core of a weapon. And instead of throwing open all doors to inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN’s nuclear guardian, Iran has stymied them and ignored calls from the UN Security Council to stop its suspicious work.
In order to dissuade others tempted to follow in Iran’s nuclear footsteps, some governments have been working on ways of enticing them down obviously peaceful paths. These have included ideas for “fuel assurances”, so that countries do not feel the need to invest in the most sensitive fuel-making technologies, and also nuclear co-operation agreements.
One such agreement between the United States and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is due to enter into force in October. America hopes it will be a model of good practice for others too. Called a “123 agreement”, after the relevant bit of America’s nuclear export-control laws, it will allow the UAE to buy some American nuclear equipment. In return, the emirates promise not to acquire proliferation-sensitive enrichment or reprocessing technologies and to co-operate closely with the IAEA.
Yet as a model the deal is far from perfect, argues Henry Sokolski of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Centre, in Washington, DC: no one bothered to ask UAE officials to accept the most up-to-date, near-real-time surveillance cameras, though they probably would have agreed. That would have helped strengthen future 123 agreements with Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and others. What is more, says Mr Sokolski, there appears to have been no effort to get France and Russia, both bidding for contracts in the UAE and elsewhere in the region, to adopt similar standards.
That is one chance lost. But the Obama team may have done itself no favours either by agreeing to open early talks with India, under a controversial 123 deal negotiated by the Bush administration. This will eventually allow India to extract plutonium from spent reactor fuel of American origin. India, which has never signed the NPT, does not yet have any American-built reactors, let alone the spent fuel from them to reprocess. America is creating a muddle by giving India such rights now, when it is telling Iran than it should suspend its work and others that they had better not start.
A quiet change
In the confusion, few will have noticed that the Obama administration has dropped its predecessor’s plans to restart commercial plutonium reprocessing—because it makes no economic sense, even for rich America, and is a proliferation risk.
For most countries, uranium enrichment makes no economic sense either, since reactor fuel can be bought from suppliers in Europe, America and Russia. As added reassurance, the IAEA has been developing ideas for a fuel bank of last resort. Some 30 countries, including America, have chipped in the cash, and Kazakhstan has offered to host it. A country that broke non-proliferation rules would be denied fuel. But if it was refused nuclear fuel for no good reason it could buy some from the IAEA at market prices (though this would still somehow have to be fabricated into fuel rods). Russia, Germany, Britain and Japan have also offered ideas of their own.
But in this area, it seems that no good idea goes unpunished. Hopes that more detailed work could start on the fuel-bank plan were shot down at a meeting of the IAEA’s 35-member board in June. Certain countries (Australia, Canada, South Africa, among others) have reserves of natural uranium and might like to profit from enriching them before exporting them. They do not want any restriction on such technologies to get in their way. Resentment and suspicion still linger, too, especially among developing countries, at the Bush administration’s initial plan (later abandoned) to impose such a restriction.
The proposals being discussed at the IAEA explicitly acknowledge countries’ “rights” to nuclear technology. Yet other rows have erupted. The IAEA’s fuel bank would be open to all its members, but that would offend Egypt, which wants Israel excluded. A Russian plan would in effect be limited to NPT members, so offends India. But if muddle and jealousy win out, nuclear proliferation, not restraint, will be the norm—to enduring regret all round.
Aug 6th 2009
From The Economist print edition
Jun 4th 2009
From The Economist print edition
Marty Cooper, the pioneer of mobile telephony, has spent his entire career pushing wireless communications to new heights
Illustration by Andy PottsUNLESS you work in the telecoms industry, you are unlikely to have heard of Marty Cooper. He is hardly a household name. But his influence has been felt across the world, because he is the engineer who took the cellular technology used in the carphones of the 1970s and decided that phones ought to be small enough to be portable. His determination led to the first prototype, in 1973, and then to the first commercial mobile phone in 1983. “Marty is the most influential person no one has ever heard of,” says Robert McDowell, a commissioner with the Federal Communications Commission, America’s telecoms regulator.
The son of Ukrainian immigrants, Mr Cooper spent much of his youth in Depression-era Chicago. He says he never went hungry, but his parents made only a modest living selling merchandise door-to-door, on instalment plans. To finance his education at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Mr Cooper joined the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, and ended up on a navy destroyer, blowing up railway tracks along the North Korean coast during the Korean war. Mr Cooper later switched to submarines and spent a year and a half stationed in Hawaii. There he picked up scuba diving, one of his many athletic pastimes. He enjoyed the navy very much, but he wanted to settle down, so he took a job at Teletype, a subsidiary of Western Electric. He started working at Motorola in 1954 and had earned his masters in electrical engineering at night school by 1957, again at the Illinois Institute of Technology.
Mr Cooper credits his family for his subsequent success. “My resourcefulness and persistence come from watching my folks digging in,” he says. “My mother was a dynamo. She would talk to anyone. She never walked slowly. And I am always leaning forward into the wind.”
It’s an apt image for Mr Cooper’s career, during which he has repeatedly spotted what lies ahead and led others towards the creation of new industries. In the 1960s he was instrumental in the establishment of the high-capacity paging market, for example, turning paging from a technology used in single buildings to one that could stretch across cities. He also helped popularise the quartz watch, by fixing a flaw in the crystals Motorola made for its radios, and then encouraging the firm to mass-produce the first crystals for use in watches. “Marty can see over the horizon and see how things should be,” says Tom Wheeler, a managing director at Core Capital Partners, a venture-capital firm. “And then he makes them happen.”
The idea for the mobile phone first occurred to Mr Cooper in the early 1970s, at a time when cellular phones were unwieldy devices built into car dashboards and attached to a box of equipment—a two-way radio and a power supply—in the car’s boot. There were only a few radio channels available on which to make calls, and users often had to wait a long time for one to become free.
Carried away
But once Motorola put Mr Cooper in charge of its carphone division, he decided that such products should not merely be able to move around in cars, but should be small and light enough to be carried around the rest of the time. “I became a zealot for products being portable,” he says. From idea to prototype took 90 days in 1972 as Mr Cooper sponsored a design contest among Motorola engineers—many from divisions he did not run. At a dinner he held that December, each engineer presented his own prototype. “We ended up picking the least glamorous phone,” says Mr Cooper. “It was the simplest.”
That device lead to the famous phone call on April 3rd 1973 after Motorola had hosted a press conference to introduce the phone at the Hilton hotel on the Avenue of the Americas in New York. Although the device had already been tested and made successful calls, Mr Cooper’s decision to take it—and a journalist—onto the street to make a demonstration call was a stroke of marketing genius. He cannot remember the journalist’s name, and Joel Engel, the rival engineer whom Mr Cooper called at AT&T’s Bell Laboratories that day, says he does not remember taking the call. But it was the first public call on a hand-held mobile phone. “I was talking and stepped into the street and almost got hit by a car,” Mr Cooper recalls with an impish grin—the first hint of mobile telecommunications’ distracting downside.
The handset, called a DynaTAC, had 35 minutes of talk time and weighed one kilogram (2.2 pounds). Four iterations later Mr Cooper’s team had reduced the DynaTAC’s weight by half, and it was finally launched in 1983 with a list price of about $4,000. By this time Mr Cooper had fought for a decade with Motorola’s bean-counters, who kept asking him when he was going to stop spending so much money on his pet project—he had become Motorola’s head of research and development in 1976—and start generating revenue. “It cost so much and took so long,” admits Mr Cooper. “But my focus has always been on the long-term technology vision.”
Today over half the world’s population has a mobile phone, and it seems obvious that the idea would succeed. But many people within Motorola in the early 1970s wanted to focus instead on expanding the existing market for business-oriented carphones. “But Marty said ‘We’ll get this thing down to the size of the palm of your hand’,” says Travis Marshall, a retired Motorola executive who worked with Mr Cooper. Most people at the time, he says, thought cellular phones would only ever be business tools, because of their high cost. “Marty kept preaching that the cost would come down and that it would become a consumer product,” he recalls. “He hypnotised everyone at Motorola to follow him,” says Sean Maloney, a senior executive at Intel, the world’s biggest chipmaker, who has himself spent several years championing WiMAX, an emerging mobile-broadband technology.
But by the time Motorola started selling the world’s first hand-held mobile phone to consumers, Mr Cooper had already left the company to launch a new firm that provided billing systems for cellular operators. In 1986 he and his partners sold this company, Cellular Business Systems, to Cincinnati Bell for $23m. A few years later Mr Cooper got a call from Richard Roy, a researcher at Stanford University who had an idea to make mobile telecoms more efficient: smart antennas.
By precisely steering radio waves from a base-station towards a mobile device, it is possible to establish a faster, more reliable link—and to support more users at once, by sending different beams to users in different directions using the same radio frequencies. Mr Cooper gets a call or two every week from someone with a business-development idea, so Mr Roy had to be persistent. He finally got to spend some time with Mr Cooper by jogging with him while the two attended an industry convention. Inspired by Mr Roy’s ideas, Mr Cooper agreed to lead a new company, ArrayComm, set up in 1992.
While leading this smart-antenna company, where he is now the chairman, Mr Cooper coined Cooper’s law, which notes that spectral efficiency—the amount of information that can be crammed into a given slice of radio spectrum—has doubled every 30 months since Guglielmo Marconi patented the wireless telegraph in 1897. Modern devices have a spectral efficiency more than one trillion times greater than Marconi’s original device did 112 years ago (it broadcast in Morse code over a very wide frequency range). Smart antennas, Mr Cooper believes, will help to ensure that this progress continues, and his law continues to hold.
But ArrayComm has had only limited success. Having developed its own wireless-broadband system, it now focuses on providing smart-antenna technology to other equipment-makers, for use in cellular and WiMAX networks. “ArrayComm has the same problem as many technology companies,” says Arthur Lipper, a Wall Street veteran who plays tennis with Mr Cooper. “They are ahead of the market, and this is an expensive place to be.” It is Mr Cooper’s strength, but it can also be a weakness. As Mr Cooper himself puts it, “You could say I was visionary. Or you could say I was too far ahead.”
Unusually for a technology visionary, however, Mr Cooper manages to keep the needs of users in mind, rather than becoming enamoured with technology for the sake of it. He recognised early on that mobile phones would offer people greater freedom and flexibility in their working and personal lives—unlike fixed-line phones, which are tethered to one place, or carphones, which cannot be taken everywhere. A further example is provided by the Jitterbug, a handset designed by his wife, Arlene Harris, which Mr Cooper helped bring to market. This handset, which is now sold by Samsung, has big buttons and basic features and is designed for elderly consumers. As handset-makers crammed more and more features into their phones, Mr Cooper and his wife realised that for some people, less is more.
Beyond the mobile phone
Now 80, Mr Cooper’s vigour is undimmed. Getting time on his schedule may require donning skis or tennis shoes. “Marty scampers around the tennis court like a 17-year-old,” says Mr Lipper. Despite his achievements, he retains an endearing sense of graciousness and humility. He makes a point of replying to the many children who contact him for comments for use in their school reports.
Perhaps surprisingly, Mr Cooper thinks the real impact of mobile communications is yet to come. Things will get really interesting, he thinks, when consumers “get away from the concept of the cell phone—that implies talk and listen” and new applications, based on sending data to and from mobile devices, take hold. There are already glimpses of the potential for mobile data in the success of the BlackBerry e-mail device and the iPhone, with its vast selection of downloadable software. But Mr Cooper feels strongly that such applications will be more likely to flourish if the world’s mobile networks, and the applications that run over them, are developed and managed by different companies, in an open model that mimics the internet. This is yet another idea that Mr Cooper has been pushing for years, says Eric Zimits of Granite Ventures, a venture-capital firm. “He is way ahead in this notion of a mobile internet,” he says.
Once mobile operators focus on providing the network—while leaving application development to the open market—competition will flourish, “so that consumers’ lives are improved,” says Mr Cooper. Open access, he believes, “is just good business”. There are certainly signs that things are heading this way, despite the efforts of operators to avoid being reduced to mere “dumb pipes”. It may be another case where Mr Cooper has correctly identified the outcome, but it takes longer than expected to materialise.
But that seems to be his role. “Marty created the wireless industry,” says Tim McDonald, a former fund manager at Merrill Lynch and one-time board member at ArrayComm. “His greatest strength is his ability to inspire the vision for where the wireless industry can go.”
Keningau: Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS) President Tan Sri Joseph Kurup criticised certain bloggers who continue to use the blogs as a platform to instil hatred against the Government.
He said it was saddening that some of these bloggers were educated and had received assistance from the Government, including scholarship for further studies.
"For example, there are blogs in the interior areas that accuse the Government of not bringing development to the people, but at the same time, the bloggers are enjoying the facilities and infrastructure provided by the Government.
"In fact, some of them are in government service. These people are ungrateful. Their intention is merely to instil hatred and create enmity between the people and government," he said at a function in Kampong Bombay, here, Monday.
Kurup, who is also the Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment, said the blogs should be utilised to create a community of quality through constructive writing.
Meanwhile, PBRS Vice-President, Cyril Yansalang, proposed that the Kaamatan Festival celebrations at the State and Federal level be held simultaneously on May 31 next year.
He said the move would not only raise the status of the Pesta Kaamatan as a prestigious celebration but would also reduce the cost of organising it.
Usually, the climax of the Kaamatan Festival at the State-level would be held for two days on May 30 and 31 at the Dewan KDCA each year.
"It will be better if the State-level celebration next year is held on May 30 and the national-level on May 31 at the same venue," he said here.
Welcoming the decision of the Federal Government through the Ministry of Information, Communications and Culture to hold the national-level Kaamatan Festival at Padang Merdeka, near here, on June 7 with the cooperation of the State Government, Yansalang said it reflected the commitment and seriousness of the Government to place the Kaamatan Festival as a major cultural festival in the country.
Sources: Daily Express.(01/06/20090
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